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pathology > 14 Diseases of the female and male reproductive system > Flashcards

14 Diseases of the female and male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the innermost lining (endometrium) of the uterus.

A

Endometritis

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2
Q
  • Younger women
  • Caused by:
    • Mechanical injury
    • Abortion attempt
    • Retained placental infection (rare)
    • Neoplasm
A

Acute Endometritis

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3
Q
  • Older women, menopausal
  • Caused by:
    • Scar tissue
    • Endometriosis
    • Neoplasms
A

Chronic Endometritis

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4
Q
  • Bleeding
  • Discharge
  • Pelvic pain
A

Symptoms of both acute and chronic Endometritis

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5
Q

The ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue or its diffuse inplantation or infiltration in the myometrium (endometrial tissue grows in other areas such as the pelvic area, surface of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, lungs, liver, lymphnodes)

  • Cause is unknown, can be hereditary
  • Use of tampons is discouraged
  • Can result in obstruction, bleeding (In other parts of the body as well).
A

Endometriosis

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6
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix (Neck of the uterus)

A

Endocervicitis

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7
Q
  • Infections, most commonly STD such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes
  • Trauma during childbirth (tears)
  • Abortion attempt
  • Neoplasms
A

Causes of Endocervicitis

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8
Q

Formation of fluid filled cysts on the lining of the cervix

  • Due to fluid retention
  • Can be pre-cancerous
A

Endocervical Cysts

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9
Q
  • Fibromas/Fibroids

- Leiomyoma

A

Benign neoplasms of the uterus

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10
Q
  • Probably caused my estrogen
  • Often appear in multiples, vary in size
  • Regress or calcify after menopause
  • Found in the intramural, subserosa, submucosa
  • Symptoms:
    • Abnormal bleeding
    • Excessive menstrual bleeding
    • Pain
    • Abnormal sensation
A

Fibromas/ Fibroids (lumps in uterus)

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11
Q

Myometrium of the uterus

  • In a third to half of all women over the age of 35
  • Grow larger under influence of estrogen and oral contraceptives
  • Probably genetic - more common in African-American women
A

Leiomyoma

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12
Q
  • Uterine cancer (malignant neoplasm)
  • 10% of all cancers
  • Occurs mostly in women ages 50-70 or women who have not had any children
A

Leiomyosarcoma

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13
Q

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix (squamous)

  • 5th leading cause of death
  • Caused by:
    • HPV (#1)
    • Having multiple sex partners
    • Beginning sexual intercourse at an early age
  • Common symptom: Uterine bleeding
A

Cervical cancer

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14
Q
  • Precocious Bleeding
  • Menorrhagic Bleeding
  • Metrorrhagic Bleeding
  • Post Menopausal Bleeding
A

Cervical Cancer: Uterine Bleeding

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15
Q
  • Bleeding before puberty

- Caused by: trauma, injury or infection

A

Precocious bleeding

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16
Q
  • Excess bleeding during menstruation
  • Could be physiologic (onset of puberty) or menopausal or caused by neoplasm, infection, retained placenta, endometriosis, medication, portal cirrhosis.
A

Menorrhagic bleeding

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17
Q
  • Bleeding between periods

- Caused by neoplasms (especially in women 40+), infection, endometriosis, stress, medications.

A

Metrorrhagic bleeding

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18
Q
  • Bleeding after menopause

- #1 cause is neoplasms, polyps, endometriosis, infections, trauma.

A

Post menopausal bleeding

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19
Q

Overgrowth of endometrial glandular epithelium => can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma

  • Can cause menorrhagia or metrorrhagia
A

Endometrial Hyperplasia

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20
Q

Inflammation of fallopian tubes (oviducts)

A

Salpingitis

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21
Q
  • # 1 STD infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia); staphylococcus
  • Scar tissue from previous infections
  • Abortion attempt
  • Lithopedion (stone baby)
A

Causes of salpingitis

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22
Q
  • Pelvic pain or discomfort, more common during ovulation

- Possible bleeding

A

Symptoms of salpingitis

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23
Q
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • Damage to the tubes => scar tissue => tubal pregnancy => tubal ovarian abscess => rupture
  • Hydrosalpinx
  • Pyosalpinx
  • Sterility
A

Complications of salpingitis

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24
Q

Fluid collecting in the tube.

A

Hydrosalpinx

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25
Q

Pus collection in the tube.

A

Pyosalpinx

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26
Q

Inflammation of all or some of the reproductive organs (cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis)

  • Usually due to vaginal bacterial infection introduced during childbirth, miscarriage, abortion, STDs (gonorrhea or chlamydia)
  • Symptoms:
    • fever, chills, pain
    • Leukorrhea
A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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27
Q

White, foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

A

Leukorrhea

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28
Q

Inflammation of the ovaries.

A

Oophoritis

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29
Q
  • Infection from salpingitis, STD’s, ovarian tube abscess, pus from the fallopian tube to ovaries.
  • Cyst in ovary : Follicle retention cyst (containing clear fluid)
  • Scar tissue
  • Ovarian cancer
A

Causes of oophoritis

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30
Q
  • Usually cyst adenocarcinoma
  • Malignant; often bilateral
  • Very low survival rate, spread quickly (ovary to the lymph nodes and into other organs)
A

Ovarian cancer

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31
Q

Tumor that contains tissues not normally found in the organ from which it arises.

  • Cystic teratomas
  • Benign
  • Most often in the right ovary
  • May cause infertility and lead to cancer
A

Teratoma (Dermoid cyst)

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32
Q

Contain skin and hair (dermatoid cyst)

A

Cystic teratomas

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33
Q

Inflammation of the vagina.

A

Vaginitis

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34
Q
  • Bacteria (guardnerella), Candida yeast, protozoa (Trichomonas)
  • Mechanical injury, chemical irritants (soaps, detergents), retained blood
A

Cause of vaginitis

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35
Q
  • Discharge
  • Discomfort
  • Irritation
A

Symptoms of vaginitis

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36
Q
  • Polyps
  • Fibroids
  • Papillomas (warts)
A

Benign neoplasms of the vagina

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37
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

  • In young girls whose mother used a synthetic hormone (DES) during pregnancy.
A

Malignant neoplasm of the vagina

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38
Q

Conditions affecting the mother during, or as a result of pregnancy.

A

Pathology of pregnancy

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39
Q
  • Ectopic pregnancy

- Preeclampsia

A

Types of pathologies of pregnancy

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40
Q
  • Tubal
  • Cervical
  • Abdominal
A

Types of ectopic pregnancies

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41
Q

Fetus develops outside of the uterus.

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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42
Q

Pregnancy in fallopian tubes.

A

Tubal

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43
Q

Pregnancy in lower uterus or cervix.

A

Cervical

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44
Q

Pregnancy on the abdominal wall (due to ruptured fallopian tube).

A

Abdominal

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45
Q

Pregnancy induced hypertension.

  • Usually appears in the third trimester
A

Preeclampsia (aka toxemia- misleading, no toxin is present)

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46
Q
  • Proteinuria (albuminuria)
  • Fluid accumulation (sudden weight gain) => hypertension => edema ( in face, hands, feet), headaches => kidney damage
  • If neglected => eclampsia (symptoms of preeclampsia + seizures, convulsions)
A

Characteristics of preeclampsia

47
Q

Proteins in urine.

A

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

48
Q
  • Cause unknown, possibly due to:
    • Placental malfunction
    • Poor prenatal care, nutrition, obesity
    • History of diabetes, hypertension, renal disease
    • Primigravid
    • Multiparity
A

Possible causes of preeclampsia

49
Q

First pregnancy - females younger than 20 and older than 40

A

Primigravid

50
Q

Multiple births (more than 5).

A

Multiparity

51
Q

Inflammation of the breast (mast= breast)

- Usually occurs in the nipples

A

Mastitis

52
Q
  • Injury, infections such as staph which can enter the nipple after injury ( during breast feeding).
  • Neoplasms- breast tissues (nipples) become red, dry, flaky, swollen, irritated.
A

Causes of mastitis

53
Q

Formation of recurring cysts in breast tissue.

  • May calcify, form scars, or lumps in breast tissue
  • Can be disfiguring
  • Probably hereditary and can be pre-cancerous
A

Fibrocystic Disease

54
Q
  • Adenomas
  • Carcinoma
  • Paget’s disease
A

Types of breast tissue neoplasms

55
Q

Benign breast lumps.

- Mixture of fat, glandular elements and stroma.

A

Adenomas

56
Q

Malignant breast cancer.

A

Carcinoma

57
Q
  • Hereditary
  • Estrogen levels
  • Viruses
  • Radiation
A

Predisposing factors for breast neoplasms

58
Q
  • Lumps in breasts, below or above the nipple

- Abnormal discharge or bleeding from the nipple

A

Symptoms of breast neoplasms

59
Q

If not treated early => Metastases from axillary lymph nodes into the brain, bones, or liver.

A

Complication of breast carcinoma

60
Q

Cancer of the nipple.

  • Redness, irritation around the nipple
  • Discharge, bleeding
  • Nipple recesses (sinks in)
A

Paget’s Disease

61
Q

Malignant neoplasm of the testes.
- Arising from sperm-forming tissue

  • Common in males 15-54
  • Rare, representing about 1% of cancers affecting men
A

Testicular carcinoma

62
Q
  • Cryptorchidism (cryptorchism)

- Inguinal hernia

A

Predisposing factors for testicular cancer

63
Q

Most common testicular malignancy

  • Metastasize slowly
  • Men in their 30s and 40s.
  • Spread to lymph nodes
  • Symptoms: bleeding and swelling or testes => infertility
  • 40% of testicular cancers are these
A

Seminoma

64
Q

Inflammation of one or both of the testes.

A

Orchitis

65
Q
  • Trauma - mechanical or athletic injury
  • Infections (bacterial or viral)- mumps, gonorrhea, herpes, late stage TB
  • Rarely- syphilis, testicular cancer
  • Complication of epididymitis
A

Causes of orchitis

66
Q
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Tenderness
  • Fever
A

Symptoms of orchitis

67
Q

Condition in which the descent of a testis into the scrotum is arrested at some point in the normal path.

  • Common in children
  • Cause - premature birth
  • Complications:
    • Sterility
    • Strangulation
    • Increased risk of testicular cancer
A

Cryptorchism (Cryptorchidism)

68
Q

Inflammation of the duct (epididymis) leading from each testes to the excretory duct.
- Function: stores the sperm

  • Caused by:
    • Prostatitis, UTI, mumps
    • STD- gonorrhea, herpes virus, chlamydia
    • Trauma
A

Epididymitis

69
Q
  • Possible bleeding (in sperm)

- Swelling and severe pain

A

Symptoms of both orchitis and epididymitis

70
Q
  • Scar tissue
  • Blockage
  • Sterility
A

Complications of both orchitis and epididymitis

71
Q

Inflammation of the gland below the urinary bladder that secretes part of the seminal fluid.

  • More common in men over 50
A

Prostatitis

72
Q
  • STD- gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes
  • Ascending urinary tract infection, especially following catheterization
  • Enlarged bladder
  • Prostate hyperplasia or prostate carcinoma
A

Causes of Prostatitis

73
Q
  • Dysuria
  • Pyuria
  • Fever
  • Low back pain
A

Symptoms of prostatitis

74
Q

Non inflammatory enlargement of the prostate.
- Common in men over 50

  • Probably caused my hormonal changes associated with aging (Testosterone, estrogen)
A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (aka benign prostatic hypertrophy)

75
Q
  • Frequent urination
  • Weak urinary stream
  • Urine retention
  • Incontinence
  • Hematuria
  • Pressure on bladder and prostatic urethra
A

Symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia

76
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate (adeno=gland)

  • Age 50+, 10% increase per year; second cause of death
A

Prostatic carcinoma

77
Q
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Oliguria - decreased amount of urination
  • Lower back and pelvic pain
A

Symptoms of prostatic carcinoma

78
Q
  • Prostatic hyperplasia

- Abnormal testosterone levels

A

Predisposing factors of prostatic carcinoma

79
Q

Inflammation of the urethra

  • Burning upon urination
  • Caused by STD’s such as gonorrhea (#1), urinary tract infection, stones
A

Urethritis

80
Q

Abnormal enlargement of veins of the sac that contains the testes (scrotum)

A

Varicocele (varicose veins)

81
Q

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity containing containing the organ; intestine drops down into the scrotum.

  • Caused by lifting heavy objects
  • Results in hydrocele and pain
A

Inguinal Hernia (scrotum)

82
Q

Abnormal collection of fluid in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially the tunica vaginalis.

  • Tube through which testicles descend from abdomen into the scrotum fails to close allowing fluid to drain from the abdomen to scrotum; scrotum becomes swollen (in newborns)
    • usually goes away after a new months after birth
  • In older men may be associated with inguinal hernia, inflammation, injury of the testicle or epididymis, or by fluid or blood blocking within the spermatic cord.
  • Results in swelling and pain
A

Hydrocele

83
Q
  • Gonorrhea
  • Syphilis
  • Chlamydia
A

Bacteria sexually transmitted infections

84
Q
  • Human papillomavirus and Genital warts
  • Genital herpes
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Hepatitis B and C (digestive system)
A

Viral STIs

85
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Parasite STI infection

86
Q

Infection by protozoan parasite.

  • Symptoms: urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis
A

Trichomoniasis

87
Q

Infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria though sexual contact and childbirth.
- Often asymptomatic, some have symptoms.

A

Gonorrhea

88
Q
  • Discharge from vagina or penis (purulent disease)
  • Inflammation of urethra (burning sensation when urinating)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease in females
  • May lead to sterility
A

Symptoms of gonorrhea

89
Q

Infection by Treponema pallidum bacteria through sexual or direct (chancre) contact, or childbirth.

A

Syphilis

90
Q

In late stage, may lead to:

  • Skin lesions and penetration of mucous membranes (secondary syphilis)
  • Blindness
  • Brain damage (neurosyphilis) => mental disorders
  • Spinal cord damage => neurological problems
  • Serious heart abnormalities => heart failure
  • Death
A

Symptoms of syphilis

91
Q
  • Infected skin lesions

- broad-based cauliflower-like epidermal growth

A

Condyloma lata of secondary syphilis

92
Q

The most common STI in the US; infection by Chlamydia trachomatis though sexual contact or childbirth.

A

Chlamydia

93
Q

Symptoms are usually mild or absent.

  • Can cause discharge from penis or vagina
  • Burning sensation during urination
A

Symptoms of chlamydia

94
Q
  • Irreversible damage of female reproductive organs, including infertility
A

Serious complications of chlamydia

95
Q

One of the most common causes of STI in the world.

- Warts

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Warts

96
Q
  • Genital warts
  • Common warts
  • Plantar warts
A

Types of warts

97
Q

Cellular hypertrophy, affects keratinocytes (skin)

A

Warts (verruca)

98
Q

In genital area

- Increase probability of developing cervical or penile cancer

A

Genital warts

99
Q

Hands and fingers (children)

A

Common warts

100
Q

Sole of foot.

A

Plantar warts

101
Q

Cause inflammation of the skin and clusters of fluid-filled vesicles.

A

Herpes virus (7 types)

102
Q
  • Cold sores

- Genital herpes

A

Types of herpes simplex viruses (HSV-2 or HSV-1)

103
Q

Mouth and nose; HSV 1

A

Cold sores

104
Q

Lesions on genital area (HSV-2 or HSV-1)

A

Genital herpes

105
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

  • Infects helper (TH) or CD4 T lymphocytes that normally activate B lymphocytes (important in immune response)
  • Low CD4 T lymphocyte count (AIDS indicator)
A

AIDS

106
Q
  • Unprotected anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse
  • Sharing of hypodermic needles
  • Birth and breastfeeding from infected mother
A

Transmission of AIDS/HIV

107
Q

May be misdiagnosed as influenza

A

Acute infection (HIV+) symptoms of AIDS/HIV

108
Q
  • lower T cell-count
    • Lack of energy
    • Frequent fever and sweats
    • May last 10-12 years
A

Asymptomatic (HIV+) symptoms

109
Q

= AIDS

- fungal infections, hepatitis, pancreatitis, opportunistic infections, e.g., pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

A

Symptomatic (HIV+) Symptoms

110
Q
  • seizures
  • urinary and fecal incontinence
  • blindness
  • coma
A

Advanced stage symptoms

111
Q

Lung infection with protozoan

- Never has been documented as a cause of pneumonia in a person with normal immunity.

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

112
Q

Infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis through sexual contact.

A

Trichomoniasis

113
Q
  • Usually asymptomatic in men
  • Symptoms may include:
    • Urethritis
    • Epididymitis
    • Prostatitis
    • Vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse and urination
    • Itching in genital area
A

Symptoms of Trichomoniasis

114
Q
  • Edema
  • Rapid blood coagulation
  • Infections
  • Ascites - fluid in abdominal cavity
  • Discolorations
A

Postmortem conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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