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Flashcards in 13.Examination of the endocrine organs Deck (31)
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1
Q

Main endocrine organs:

A
Pituitary gland
parathyroid gland
ovaries
adrenal gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
testes.
2
Q

Which diseases are more common in dogs?

A
More common:
• Hypothyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypercortisolism (Cushing-syndrome)
• Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison-disease)
3
Q

Which diseases are more common in cats?

A

More common:
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus

4
Q

What are important signs?

A
Appetite
PU/PD
activity
other organ system signs (vomitus, diarrhea, neuro signs , skin abnormalities)
Previous medication.
5
Q

Values of PD:

A

Dog: > 90-100 ml/kg/day
Cat: > 50 ml/kg/day

6
Q

values of PU:

A

> 50 ml/kg/day

7
Q

When should you consider PU?

A
  • Previously house-trained dog starts to void urine in the house
  • More frequent need to change the litter, cat urinates beside the litter
  • Distended bladder palpated by a dehydrated animal
8
Q

What can make PU hard to diagnose?

A
  • Multi-animal households

- Outdoor access

9
Q

Which glands are possible to check with a physical exam?

A

Thyroid gland and testicles

10
Q

Which examinations are done to check the endocrine glands?

A

Blood examination and urinalysis

11
Q

Which blood examinations are done to check the endocrine glands?

A

– Hematology
– Biochemistry (glucose, ALKP, lipids, Na, K, Ca…)
– Hormonal assays

12
Q

What are checked in the urinalysis?

A

– USG, glucose, keton, secondary urinary tract infections

– Hormone assays from the urine (UCCR)

13
Q

what is the goal of the lab examinations?

A

– Find the consequences of hormonal disease
– Find concurrent diseases
– Exclude/diagnose other diseases causing similar symptoms

14
Q

which test are done to determined a hypofunction?

A

a stimulation test

15
Q

which test are done to determined a hyperfunction?

A

suppression test

16
Q

Which endocrine glands can you examine with ultrasound?

A
  • Cervical: thyroid, parathyroid glands

* Abdomen: adrenal glands, pancreas

17
Q

What can you see on radiographs?

A

• urolithiasis, hepatomegaly

18
Q

Which glands can we examine with cross-sectional imaging: CT/MRI?

A
  • Skull: pituitary gland
  • Cervical: thyroid gland
  • Abdomen: pancreas, adrenals
19
Q

Which hormones are specific for the pituitary gland and which disease do they indicate?

A

ADH - decrease=DM
GH - decrease = Hyposomatotropism, increase = Hypersomatotropism / Acromegaly
ACTH - increase = cushing

20
Q

Charactheristics of hyposomatotropism

A
  • Congenital
  • Failure to thrive → proportional dwarfism
  • Retrained puppy coat
  • Brachygnathia inferior
21
Q

Charactheristics of hypersomatotropism

A
  • PU/PD, polyphagia, weight gain
  • Big broad head, big paws
  • Big tongue/ wide interdental spaces
  • Prognathia inferior
  • Enlargement of abdominal organs
  • intact females
  • concurrent diabetes
22
Q

Charactheristics of hypothyrodism:

A
Breed predisposition
• Obesity
• Decreased activity
• Symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation
• Bradycardia
• Hypothermia
• T4/TSH measurement
• TSH-stimulation test
23
Q

Charactheristics of hyperthyrodism:

A
  • PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss
  • Decreased body and muscle condition
  • Unkept haircoat
  • Triagle-shaped head
  • Tachycardia
  • Galopp rhythm
  • Cardiac murmur
  • Labial (open-mouth) breathing without cyanosis
  • Palpable thyroid gland ~ 80% „thyroid slip”

Dg: T4 measurement

24
Q

Which diseases are specific for the adrenal gland?

A

Addison, cushing, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism

25
Q

Which hormonal changes indicate addison?

A

increase aldestoron, decrease cortisol,

26
Q

Which hormonal changes indicate cushing?

A

increase cortisol

27
Q

Which hormonal changes indicate pheochromocytoma?

A

increased adrenalin

28
Q

Which hormonal changes indicate hyperaldosteronism?

A

increased aldosteron

29
Q

Characteristics for cushing:

A
  • Hypercortisolism (Hyperadrenocorticism)
  • PU/PD, polyphagia
  • Abdominal enlargement= pot belly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Alopecia, thin, fragile skin
  • Comedons
  • Calcinosis cutis
  • ↑ SIAP
  • LDDST (low dose dexamethason suppresion test)
30
Q

Characteristics for addisons:

A
  • Inappetence / anorexia
  • Vomitus
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • PU/PD
  • Addison-crisis– Hypovolaemic shock
  • Pale mucosal membranes
  • Prolonged CRT (>2 sec)
  • Weak pulse
  • BUT: Bradycardia / „relative” bradycardia
  • ↑ potassium, ↓ sodium, Na/K: < 27
  • ACTH-stimulation test
31
Q

Characteristics for DM

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Inzulin deficiency / resistance → ↑ blood glucose
  • PU/PD
  • Polyphagia
  • Weight loss
  • Cataract
  • Plantigrad posture
  • Aceton-like breath

Dg: blood glucose measurement, (cave stress hyperglycaemia ), fructosamine