1.1.4 Raine Et Al Study (Bi) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 1.1.4 Raine Et Al Study (Bi) Deck (42)
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1
Q

What is Research Hypothesis 1?

A

Dysfunction in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, left angular gyrus and limbic system will be found more often in murderers than a control group of non murderers

2
Q

What is the purpose of the control group?

A

Baseline for comparison

3
Q

Is Research hypothesis 1 adirectional, non directional or a null hypothesis?

A

Directional

4
Q

What is research hypothesis 2?

A

Dysfunction in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, left angular gyrus and limbic system will be found more often in murderers, than dysfunction in other areas of the brain that have been implicated in non violent psychiatric disorders

5
Q

Is research hypothesis 2 directional, non directional or null?

A

Directional

6
Q

Where is the left angular gyrus found?

A

In the parietal lobe

7
Q

What components make up the limbic system?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Thalamus

8
Q

What was Raine et al’s research method and what does this mean?

A

Raine et al used a quasi-experiment, this means the IV is naturally occurring

9
Q

What was the IV in Raines experiment?

A

Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) or not

10
Q

What was the DV in Raines experiment?

A

Dysfunction in different brain areas

11
Q

How was the DV operationalised?

A

Using PET scan results to see metabolic activity in the brain

12
Q

Who were the subjects (participants) in Raines study?

A

A group of 41 prisoners all charged with murder but who pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity

13
Q

What does NGRI mean?

A

Not guilty by reason of insanity

14
Q

Where were the participants charged with murder or manslaughter?

A

In California

15
Q

What gender were the participants?

A

39 were male

2 were female

16
Q

What was the average age of the participants?

A

34.3 years

17
Q

What happened the two weeks before brain scanning?

A

No murderer was given psychoactive medication

18
Q

How many patients were referred for scanning due to schizophrenia?

A

• 6

19
Q

How many subjects were referred for scanning due to brain damage/ head injury?

A

23

20
Q

What was each subject matched with?

A

A non murderer subject

21
Q

How were the subjects and controlled matched?

A

As closely as possible for:
• age
• gender
• schizophrenia

22
Q

What did all controls undergo?

A

Screening for mental illness, drug taking and history of murder

23
Q

What group did the non murderers make up?

A

The control group

24
Q

Give a brief outline of the procedure raine used:

A
  • injection
  • continuous performance task
  • PET scan
25
Q

What were all participants injected with?

A

A tracer substance that was taken up by the brain to show the location of brain metabolism (fluorodeoxyglucose)

26
Q

What was the CPT the participants underwent?

A

Detecting signals

27
Q

When was the PET scan given?

A

Immediately after the CPT

28
Q

What was the PET scan used to show activity in?

A

6 main areas outside the brain (cortical)

8 main area inside the brain (subcortical)

29
Q

What did raine et al’s study focus on?

A

Brain scans of violent individuals who has committed murder and pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity

30
Q

What did Raines procedure take place by?

A

Opportunity sampling - Raine selected his subjects from those referred for scanning

31
Q

What did Raines findings and conclusions show for the prefrontal cortex?

A

Lower metabolic activity in murderers than in controls

Lower activity is linked to loss of self control and altered emotion

32
Q

What did Raines findings and conclusions show for the parietal cortex?

A

Murderers showed lower activity levels especially in the left angular gyrus
Lower activity is linked to low verbal ability, leading to education failure and thus crime

33
Q

What did Raines findings and conclusions show about the temporal cortex?

A

No difference

34
Q

What did Raines findings and conclusions show about the corpus callosum?

A

Lower activity in murderers

Lower activity was expected as it could stop the left hemisphere inhibiting the rights violence

35
Q

What did Raines findings show about the amygdala?

A

Lower activity in the left in murderers

36
Q

What did Raines findings show about the thalamus?

A

Higher activity in the right side

37
Q

What maid Raines findings show about the medial temporal?

A

Lower activity in the left compared to the right in murderers

38
Q

What conclusions did Raines draw about the amygdala, medial temporal and thalamus?

A

These structures all for the limbic system (emotion)
Problems may result in inhibition for violent behaviour, fearlessness and failure to learn the negative effects of violence

39
Q

What did the cinguate, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and cerebellum show?

A

No difference

40
Q

Conclusions - Raines research showed differences in what?

A

The brains of murderers pleading NGRI

41
Q

Conclusions - Raines research does not suggest violence is what?

A

Biologically determined

42
Q

Raines research does not excuse what?

A

The behaviour of NGRI murderers

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