11.2 social motivations

Question 1

Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

some of our motivations must take presidency over others

Question 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Answer 2

the motivation to pursue higher levels of needs can only proceed after we succeed in pursing lower level needs 
physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love needs 
esteem needs 
cognitive needs
aesthetic needs
self actualization needs

Question 3

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 3

• failure to fulfill more basic needs will tend to make it impossible to fulfill higher needs
• maslow didn’t mention it, but sometimes it is possible to fulfill more than one need at a time
• having self actualization as the ultimate goal is bias of our individualistic western culture
• members of more collectivist cultures may consider group success to be the ultimate goal

Question 4

the basic human need to belong

Answer 4

this needs relates to the goal to maintain social relationships that generate pleasant feelings in us, these feelings come from knowing other ppl value us
-failing to achieve belongingness affects our mental health-one key source of anit-social behaviour

Question 5

under-appreciated threats to mental health and causes of social problems

Answer 5

sleep deprivation
information overload
social isolation and rejection

Question 6

fulfilling our need to belong generates health benefits

Answer 6

• loneliness lowers our immune system and increase our risk of disease
• the ultimate fulfillment of our need for belongingness goes by the term, LOVE

Question 7

Passionate love

Answer 7

love that is tied to physical attraction and the intense desire to have sexual contact with the other person

Question 8

Companionate love

Answer 8

lover emerges more from feelings of warmth, contentment, trust, as well as deep knowledge of the other person and strong admiration for them

• more strongly related to romantic relationships that last over the long-term
• our desire for theses sorts of relationships probably arise from the child raising advantage they provided our ancestors
• OXYTOCIN

Question 9

oxytocin

Answer 9

hormone that stimulates the feelings of attachment and closeness that we refer to as love

Question 10

factors associated with romantic partners staying together for the long-tern include

Answer 10

• having a high level of attraction to begin with
• the obstacles discouraging the break up
• the availability of alternative options
• > staying together is an accomplishment, particularly for ppl who do have many appealing alternative options

Question 11

esteem needs

Answer 11

also known as achievement motivations

Question 12

achievement motivation and approach goals

Answer 12

we seek achievement through approach goals

money, self esteem boosting, popularity

Question 13

achievement motivation and avoidance goals

Answer 13

-trying to avoid negative feelings
avoidance of emotional pain
to avoid financial losses
embarrassment avoidance

Question 14

universal human needs

Answer 14

relatedness
autonomy
competence

Question 15

relatedness

Answer 15

the need to feel connected with others

Question 16

autonomy

Answer 16

the need to feel that we have control over our own destiny

Question 17

Competence

Answer 17

the ability to develop a satisfying level of skill in some area

Question 18

self efficacy

Answer 18

our belief about how competent we are to succeed in a particular domain

Question 19

self determination theory

Answer 19

• universal human needs combine to form self determination theory
• our ability to succeed in achieving our goals, our happiness, and our health depends on whether we have control over our ability to achieve those goals

Question 20

extrinsic motivation

Answer 20

(or performance motives)

are motivations having to do with direct personal gain for performing an activity

Question 21

amotivational

Answer 21

when the threat to our autonomy becomes so great that we completely lose the motivation to engage some behaviour, such as our job

Question 22

intrinsic motivation

Answer 22

(or mastery motives)

are motivations having to do with the inherent pleasure one derives from an activity and from improving one’s skill

Question 23

intrinsic motivation is better

Answer 23

in a recent study, grade 5 students were either praised for their intelligence when solving puzzles (an extrinsic reward), or they were praised for their hard work (encouraging an intrinsic motivation to develop skill in puzzle solving)
later, the children praised for their intelligence were more anxious about solving more difficult puzzles, were more likely to give up, and ended up solving fewer puzzles than the children praised for working hard
-only 13% of the students praised for working hard lied about how many puzzles they solved, whereas 40% of the students praised for their intelligence lied about the number of puzzles they solved

Question 24

the over justification effect

Answer 24

applying extrinsic rewards to an intrinsically enjoyable behaviour can cause ppl to enjoy the behaviour less and may reduce their motivation to engage in the behabiour

Question 25

sometimes activities can start out as extrinsically-motivated,

Answer 25

but then develop into intrinsically-motivated behaviours

Question 26

currently, there is an effort to change ppls behaviour through ways other than bribery or the threat of punishment

Answer 26

there are advertising methods that avoid threatening peoples autonomy and that seek to nudge them into changing their behaviour

• initially persuasive messages are better at prompting changes in ppls behaviour if they focus on the negative consequences of failing to take action
• once ppl are made aware of the severity of a problem, it is better to lighten up and present messages that describe simple actions that will weaken the threat