11.1 emotion and motivation

Question 1

basic motivation

Answer 1

short term goals
determined by primitive biological signals about our current needs
-ex. our brain receives info when our body requires food, and the brain directs us to fix the deficiencies

Question 2

Drives

Answer 2

stimulation that our brain generates to push us to address basic biological needs

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

processes that allow us to maintain balance in our biological systems

Question 4

Allostasis

Answer 4

processes that allow us to develop a state of readiness for anticipated future demands on our biological systems
ex. ppl might get in the habit of eating a big breakfast both to maintain energy levels after not eating anything since the previous day, homeostasis would be the goal in that case, and to ensure sufficient energy for preforming physically demanding tasks in the hours between morning and lunchtime, in that case allostasis is the goal

Question 5

hypothalamus

Answer 5

gives us feeling of hunger

in the ventral medial region

Question 6

statiation

Answer 6

the experience of being full and uninterested in eating any more

Question 7

glucostats

Answer 7

• the hypothalamus receives info about glucose levels based on messages sent by special neurons called glucostats
• when the hypothalamus receives info about a drop in glucose levels, it simulates feelings of hunger

Question 8

cholecystokinin or CCK

Answer 8

when we eat, expansion of our intestines stimulates neurons to release CCK. when the hypothalamus detects enough CCK it stimulates feelings of satiation

Question 9

ppl love fatty foods

Answer 9

because it reflects our history when we needed high in fat foods to survive
sugar releases dopamine similar to cocain

Question 10

if eating were just about satisfying hunger how would we explain luaus, undersea restaurant,…

Answer 10

food advertising seeks to get us to think of our food choices as lifestyle and identity choices

Question 11

there is often cultural pressure for us to eat everything set in front of us, even when we are already full

Answer 11

in the bottomless bowl of soup study, ppl who had soup imperceptibly replaces at 70 % more soup

Question 12

unit bias

Answer 12

the bias to behave as though the amount of food we receive is just the right amount for us to achieve satiation

Question 13

social facilitation

Answer 13

when we eat more bc of the behaviour or expectations of other people
ex. when eating less would offend a dinner party host
or when witnessing other people snacking stimulates us to eat more

Question 14

minimal eating norm

Answer 14

social contexts that discourage very much eating, as on a first date
this is a type of social influence on behaviour that falls under the heading of impression management
-apparently, people vary on how susceptible they are to this type of social norm

Question 15

Modeling

Answer 15

when the behaviours of others during a social event causes us to restrain our appetite

Question 16

Obesity

Answer 16

an eating disorder in which ppl consume more food than they require to sustain their biological processes
-tends to be especially problematic poorer neighbourhoods and communities partly bc healthy/nutritious food is more expensive than high calorie/ low nutrition junk food

Question 17

anorexia nervosa

Answer 17

chronic under-eating to the point of self-starvation, combined with a fear of gaining weight and negative views about one’s body size, and a lack of concern about the dangers of being underweight

Question 18

bulimia nervosa

Answer 18

when eating behaviour follows a pattern of resisting the urge to eat, followed by binge-eating, and then purging with self induced vomiting, extreme exercise, or using laxatives

Question 19

anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Answer 19

seem to originate from a desire for more control
the absence of control elsewhere encourages unhealthy efforts to gain control over one’s weight resulting in under eating or binging and purging

Question 20

reproduction suppression hypothesis

Answer 20

females that don’t feel well supported tend to binge and diet as a coping strategy
eating disorders that result in low body fat may be a way for women to reduce the chance of becoming pregnant when they are under stress or when they do not feel ready or well supported
this is possible bc low body fat suppresses menstruation- an outcome called amenorrhea

Question 21

the media is not helping us prevent eating disorders

Answer 21

thanks to insisting on displaying unattainable body shapes as the deal

• also bc of retouching and photo editing, media depictions of the ideal body are often literally unattainable
• fantasy images and stories that communicate messages about beauty and ideal body shape provided by entertainment media are also not helping

Question 22

sex drive

Answer 22

the human need for sexual contact represents a basic biological need
the drive that motivates us to seek out sexual contact is called LIBIDO

Question 23

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 23

conducted the first scientific investigating into the sexual behaviour of Americans

Question 24

The Kinsey scale

Answer 24

his research led him to conclude that homosexuality and heterosexuality are the two extremes of a sexual orientation continuum
37% of males
13% of females had homosex experience that resulted in an orgasim

Question 25

the reasons why ppl have sex can vary

Answer 25

for physical reasons
to help attain a goal
for emotional reasons
because of insecurity

Question 26

William masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 26

-first detail investigation of human sexual response

Question 27

sexual response cycle

Answer 27

consists of four stages 
-excitement 
-plateau
-orgasm 
-resolution
these graphs show how there is mor variability in the female cycle than the male one, bc women do not reach organism as often and bc women can sometimes have multiple orgasms without any refractory period. the typically much longer refractory period in men is the duration of time after orgasm during which having another orgasm is not possible

Question 28

orgasms and resolution

Answer 28

the hypothalamus generates the orgasm the point of intense pleasure and release during the sexual response cycle in both men and women
-following orgasm, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release a hormone, called OXYTOCIN

Question 29

Oxytocin

Answer 29

the chemical basis for the feelings of attachment, trust and intimacy that is also commonly referred to as love

Question 30

sexual orientation

Answer 30

ones preference for engaging in sexual activity with opposite sex partners (heterosexuality), same sex partners (homosexuality), either (bisexuality) and so on

Question 31

an update on the search for the cause of homosexuality

Answer 31

there has been no evidence supporting theories suggesting that homosexuality is a consequence of parenting practices or any particular type of childhood experience

• brain studies have revealed that homosexual men may have a smaller hypothalamus, but that evidence is rather inconsistent and unconvincing
• twin studies reveal that heritability of homosexuality is between .3 and .6, but the highest heritability estimates tend to be observed for homosexuality in men
• maybe sexual orientation varies for the same complicated reasons that dining preferences vary
• unfortunately, discrimination based on sexual orientation continues and likely results in underestimates of the true prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality

Question 32

gender roles

Answer 32

socially and culturally defined expectation about how male and female members of a society should think and act

Question 33

sexual scripts

Answer 33

socially and culturally defined expectations about the sexual behaviour of male and female members of a society
traditionally, gender roles have tended to reward males for fulfilling the roles of promiscuous playboys, whereas women often face scorn and denigration for engaging in the same type of sexual behaviour

Question 34

the evolutionary explanation for males greater interest in sexual promiscuity emphasizes the whole issue of pregnancy and child raising again…

Answer 34

as well as males higher levers of testosterone

Question 35

testosterone

Answer 35

hormone responsible for sex driving in men and women

Question 36

another idea is that gender roles have been defined by the gender with the most _______, which has traditionally been ______

Answer 36

power
men
-this idea has support from the growing similarity in male and female gender roles and sexual scripts as we move toward more gender equality

Question 37

three important trends have resulted in a moved toward greater gender equality in western countries that have also resulted in a greater similarity in the sexual scripts of men and women

Answer 37

• ongoing movement in support of equal rights for women
• long trend of women entering the workforce and earning their own salaries
• invention of the birth control pill in the 1960s

Question 38

sex guilt

Answer 38

or the negative emotional feelings one might have after engaging in sexual behaviour that conflicts with ones personal attitudes about sex, may still deter a person

Question 39

sex in advertising

Answer 39

humans find sex a difficult thing to ignore

Question 40

motivations

Answer 40

the biological and psychological processes that compel us to act to achieve essential goals