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Flashcards in 11 General Principles of Pathophysiology Deck (113)
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1
Q
Where is interstitial fluid found?
A.
Inside cells
B.
Outside cells but inside of the vascular space
C.
In blood plasma
D.
Between cells and outside of the vascular bed
A

D

2
Q
What two compartments make up extracellular fluid?
A.
Intravascular and cytoplasm
C.
Interstitial and intramedullary
B.
Cytoplasm and interstitial
D.
Interstitial and intravascular
A

D

3
Q
What component of the body accounts for the majority of body weight?
A.
Skin
C.
Muscle
B.
Organs
D.
Water
A

D

4
Q
Which term describes the relative constancy in the internal body environment?
A.
Homeostasis
C.
Hermonstasis
B.
Hemostasis
D.
Hematostasis
A

A

5
Q
By what mechanism does glucose enter a cell?
A.
Diffusion
C.
Mediated transport
B.
Osmosis
D.
Miosis
A

C

6
Q
Which requires energy output by the cell?
A.
Diffusion
C.
Active transport
B.
Osmosis
D.
Facilitated diffusion
A

C

7
Q
The sphincter at the arterial end of a capillary is known as the \_\_\_\_\_ sphincter.
A.
Precapillary
C.
Postcapillary
B.
Midcapillary
D.
Endocapillary
A

A

8
Q
What are ions?
A.
Atoms with either a positive or negative charge
B.
The smallest particle of pure cellular matter
C.
Cellular molecules in an isotonic state
D.
The most abundant gasolyte in the cells
A

A

9
Q
What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid?
A.
Potassium
C.
Sodium
B.
Chloride
D.
Magnesium
A

C

10
Q
Where are baroreceptors located?
A.
Heart and great vessels
C.
Spleen and liver
B.
Kidneys and liver
D.
Heart and kidneys
A

A

11
Q
What type of molecule is sodium?
A.
Anion
C.
Proion
B.
Cation
D.
Negion
A

B

12
Q
Angiotensin I is converted into which peptide?
A.
Renin
C.
ADH
B.
Angiotensin II
D.
Aldosterone
A

B

13
Q
Calcium is a bivalent ion that is responsible for neuromuscular transmission, cell membrane permeability, hormone secretion, and what other aspect?
A.
Production of ADH
C.
Bronchial constriction
B.
Release of chorionic gonadotropin
D.
Smooth muscle contraction
A

D

14
Q
What is the adaptive cell change that results in an excessive increase in cell numbers?
A.
Atrophy
C.
Metaplasia
B.
Hypertrophy
D.
Hyperplasia
A

D

15
Q
What is cardiac output also called?
A.
Blood pressure
C.
Preload
B.
Minute volume
D.
Afterload
A

B

16
Q
Cardiac output is the volume of blood \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Pumped by the ventricles per minute
C.
Circulating throughout the body
B.
Ejected with each heartbeat
D.
Pushed through the coronary arteries
A

A

17
Q

Which definition correctly describes preload?
A.
Venous return available to the right ventricle
B.
Blood already in the arteries before each contraction
C.
Blood that remains in the atria after they contract
D.
Venous blood that remains in the veins

A

A

18
Q
Which cardiac output is most appropriate for a heart rate of 60 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 50 mL?
A.
3.0 mL/min
C.
30 mL/min
B.
3.0 L/min
D.
300 mL/min
A

B

19
Q
Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine found?
A.
Sympathetic system
C.
Neither system
B.
Parasympathetic system
D.
Both systems
A

A

20
Q
What is the primary role of alpha 1 receptors?
A.
Smooth muscle contraction
C.
Bronchial constriction
B.
Smooth muscle dilation
D.
Bronchial dilation
A

A

21
Q
Which blood type is referred to as the universal donor?
A.
A
C.
AB
B.
B
D.
O
A

D

22
Q
What is the most common blood type in the United States?
A.
O negative
C.
A negative
B.
O positive
D.
A positive
A

B

23
Q
What is a solute?
A. 
Water
B. 
Diluent
C. 
Substance dissolved in a solution
D. 
Blood product
A

C

24
Q
Which substance does a semipermeable membrane allow free passage?
A.
Water
C.
Electrolytes
B.
Solutes
D.
Leukocytes
A

A

25
Q
What will occur when a living cell is placed into a hypertonic solution?
A.
Draw water into the cell and expand
B.
Lose water from the cell and shrink
C.
Explode from increased intracellular pressure
D.
Lose the permeability of the membrane
A

B

26
Q
Diffusion results from \_\_\_\_\_ movements of particles in solution.
A.
Coordinated
C.
Circular
B.
Random
D.
Excitatory
A

B

27
Q

At equilibrium, how do particles in solution move in response to diffusion?
A.
They move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
B.
They move from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
C.
The net movement of solute stops.
D.
The particles themselves stop moving.

A

C

28
Q
Water balance is regulated primarily by which hormone?
A.
TSH
C.
ACTH
B.
LH
D.
ADH
A

D

29
Q
A paramedic is called to treat a patient who is severely dehydrated after an excessive misuse of diuretics. She has an increased body temperature, flushed skin, and dry mucous membranes. Which type of dehydration is likely occurring?
A.
Isotonic
C.
Hyponatremic
B.
Hypernatremic
D.
Neutronatremic
A

B

30
Q
Which is a sign of overhydration?
A.
Weight loss
C.
Wheezes
B.
Anuria
D.
Puffy eyelids
A

D

31
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who complains of malaise and skeletal muscle weakness. Pulses are weak, and the cardiac rhythm is abnormal. The patient has been taking diuretics and laxatives to lose weight. What condition should the paramedic suspect?
A.
Hypernatremia
C.
Hypokalemia
B.
Hyponatremia
D.
Hyperkalemia
A

C

32
Q
Which electrolyte will likely decrease in the presence of excessive vomiting?
A.
Potassium
C.
Phosphorus
B.
Magnesium
D.
Sodium
A

A

33
Q
Your patient has been taking an excessive amount of antacids. Which electrolyte imbalance should you expect?
A.
Calcium
C.
Magnesium
B.
Sodium
D.
Potassium
A

C

34
Q
A paramedic is called to treat a patient who is severely dehydrated after an excessive misuse of diuretics. She has an increased body temperature, flushed skin, and dry mucous membranes. Which concentration of normal saline should be administered to the dehydrated patient described?
A.
0.90%
C.
0.33%
B.
0.45%
D.
9.00%
A

A

35
Q
What is the most common cause of hypokalemia in the United States?
A.
Poor nutritional intake
C.
Use of diuretics
B.
Renal disease
D.
Vomiting or diarrhea
A

C

36
Q
Which medication should be administered for a patient experiencing life-threatening cardiac disturbances as a result of hyperkalemia?
A.
Calcium
C.
Potassium
B.
Magnesium
D.
Chloride
A

A

37
Q
Name a factor that causes disease?
A.
Environmental
C.
Familial
B.
Hormonal
D.
Stress induced
A

A

38
Q
Which term describes the flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration?
A.
Diffusion
C.
Osmosis
B.
Mediation
D.
Miosis
A

C

39
Q
What are the body’s principal regulators of acid-base balance?
A.
Kidneys and liver
C.
Pancreas and lungs
B.
Lungs and kidneys
D.
Liver and pancreas
A

B

40
Q
What does a substance’s pH represent?
A.
Concentration of hydrogen ions
C.
Number of active molecules
B.
Ability to neutralize chemicals
D.
Positive charge
A

A

41
Q
What is the driving force of osmosis produced by gases?
A.
Permeability of the membrane
C.
Number of particles
B.
Molecular weight of the particles
D.
Partial pressure of dissolved gases
A

D

42
Q

Isotonic solution causes which process to occur through the cell membrane?
A.
Rapidly cross membranes and exit the cell
B.
Slowly leak from the cell
C.
Rapidly rush into the cell
D.
Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water.

A

D

43
Q
Which type of blood flow is characterized through the capillaries that provide the exchange of gases and solutes between blood and tissue?
A.
Nutritional
C.
Provisional
B.
Precapillary
D.
Dissolution
A

A

44
Q
Which nerve fibers are most important in regulating blood flow?
A.
Vasomotor
C.
Vasoactive
B.
Vasodilator
D.
Vasoconstrictive
A

D

45
Q
The renal buffering system helps maintain acid-base balance through which process?
A.
Excretion of bicarbonate
C.
Excretion of ammonium ions
B.
Recovery of hydrogen ions
D.
Recovery of sodium
A

C

46
Q
What is the normal human blood pH?
A.
6.80 to 7.40
C.
7.35 to 7.45
B.
7.25 to 7.35
D.
7.40 to 7.60
A

C

47
Q
The initial cause of metabolic alkalosis is excess \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Hydrogen ions
B.
Carbon dioxide elimination
D.
Hydrogen ion elimination
A

C

48
Q
What is potassium?
A.
Anion
C.
Proton
B.
Cation
D.
Negion
A

B

49
Q
What is the primary metabolic effect of cortisol?
A.
Immunosuppression
B.
Increasing cellular immunity
C.
Lowering elevated blood glucose levels
D.
Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
A

D

50
Q
Acquired immunity results from which effect?
A.
Congenital defect
C.
Inoculation event
B.
Hereditary trait
D.
Contagion
A

D

51
Q
When energy sources are depleted, the sodium-potassium pump is no longer effective because of the accumulation of \_\_\_\_\_ ions.
A.
Potassium
C.
Calcium
B.
Magnesium
D.
Sodium
A

D

52
Q

What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A.
Provides energy for the cells
B.
Monitors the permeability of cell membranes
C.
Provides material for cellular reproduction
D.
Maintains electrolyte balance within the cells

A

A

53
Q

During anaerobic metabolism, which is most likely to occur?
A.
Is able to efficiently process glucose into energy
B.
Produces more ATP molecules than under aerobic metabolism
C.
Uses the Krebs cycle predominantly to create energy
D.
Produces excess lactic acid

A

D

54
Q
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cause what to occur?
A.
Lower blood pressure
C.
Lower heart rate
B.
Raise blood pressure
D.
Raise heart rate
A

A

55
Q
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Counters extremely high blood pressure
B.
Activates within 1 to 2 minutes
C.
Remains active for about 1 hour
D.
Is a minor compensatory mechanism
A

C

56
Q
Chemoreceptors respond to a change in \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
pH
C.
Heart rate
B.
Blood pressure
D.
Vasoconstriction
A

A

57
Q
Regulation of \_\_\_\_\_ are chemoreceptors’ primary involvement.
A.
Heart rate
C.
Respiration
B.
Blood pressure
D.
Arterial constriction
A

C

58
Q
Hyperventilation produces respiratory alkalosis by decreasing which element?
A.
Oxygen
C.
Chloride
B.
Potassium
D.
Carbon dioxide
A

D

59
Q
Which level must increase for aldosterone to be secreted?
A.
Potassium
C.
Chloride
B.
Sodium
D.
Magnesium
A

A

60
Q
When hydrogen ions increase, what also increases?
A.
Alkalinity
C.
pH
B.
Basicity
D.
Acidity
A

D

61
Q

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system consists of which response?
A.
Is slow to react to changes in pH
B.
Causes a change in respiratory rate to maintain balance
C.
Reacts to changes in blood oxygen concentrations
D.
Causes the secretion of sodium and chloride from the kidneys

A

B

62
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient for a traumatic brain injury causing cerebral edema. If the paramedic wanted to administer an IV fluid to treat the cerebral edema, he or she would choose what kind of solution?
A.
Hypertonic
C.
Isotonic
B.
Hypotonic
D.
Neurotonic
A

A

63
Q
A 49-year-old man has been taking an excessive amount of antacid to self-treat his gastric reflux disease. How might his body compensate for this?
A.
Decrease rate and depth of respirations
B.
Increase rate and depth of respirations
C.
Decrease bicarbonate excretion in urine
D.
Increase acid excretion in urine
A

A

64
Q
Ten new cases of breast cancer detected in 1 year among the 100 teachers in an elementary school would describe the \_\_\_\_\_ rate in this community.
A.
Mortality
C.
Incidence
B.
Prevalence
D.
Morbidity
A

C

65
Q
Which blood type is referred to as the universal recipient?
A.
A
C.
AB
B.
B
D.
O
A

C

66
Q
An 80-year-old man has been sick with the flu for 3 days, with nausea, vomiting, and poor intake of food and fluids. The effect on his body will be \_\_\_\_\_ than for a younger person because his body normally contains \_\_\_\_\_ fluid than a younger person.
A.
Greater; less
C.
Less; less
B.
Greater; more
D.
Less; more
A

A

67
Q

What does pressure exerted by plasma proteins too large to pass through the wall of the capillary cause?
A.
Fluid flow into and out of the capillaries
B.
Nutrients to be released directly into the cells
C.
Waste products to be released directly into the plasma
D.
Fluid to leave the cell and enter the interstitial space

A

A

68
Q
What is edema?
A.
Caused by excess fluids
B.
A problem of fluid distribution
C.
Caused by water leaving the interstitial spaces
D.
A problem caused by excessive fluid administration
A

B

69
Q
What is most likely causing edema in the lower extremities of a patient after prolonged standing?
A.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B.
Decreased oncotic pressure
C.
Decreased capillary permeability
D.
Closed lymphatic channels
A

A

70
Q
Muscular \_\_\_\_\_ likely occurs in patients with chronic malnutrition.
A.
Atrophy
C.
Metaplasia
B.
Hypertrophy
D.
Hyperplasia
A

C

71
Q
Which condition is associated with dysplastic cell changes?
A.
Asthma
C.
Cancer
B.
COPD
D.
Heart disease
A

C

72
Q
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A.
Hypoxia
C.
Infectious
B.
Chemical
D.
Inflammatory
A

A

73
Q
What are toxoids?
A.
Endotoxins
C.
Bacterial toxins
B.
Exotoxins
D.
Harmless toxins
A

D

74
Q
What is true regarding endotoxins?
A.
Relatively harmless
C.
Simple molecules that cannot multiply
B.
Less toxic than exotoxins
D.
Difficult to immunize against
A

D

75
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who has a flail chest secondary to an assault. The patient has been breathing shallow because of the extreme pain of the injury.
Which acid-base derangement will likely occur because of this injury? 
A.
Respiratory acidosis
C.
Metabolic acidosis
B.
Respiratory alkalosis
D.
Metabolic alkalosis
A

A

76
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who has a flail chest secondary to an assault. The patient has been breathing shallow because of the extreme pain of the injury.
What is the mechanism of this acid-base derangement? 
A.
Retention of carbon dioxide
C.
Retention of bicarbonate
B.
Excretion of carbon dioxide
D.
Excretion of bicarbonate
A

A

77
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who has a flail chest secondary to an assault. The patient has been breathing shallow because of the extreme pain of the injury.
If the respiratory system cannot compensate for this acid-base imbalance, what is the next buffering system that will be activated? 
A.
Renal system
C.
Cardiovascular system
B.
Digestive system
D.
Nervous system
A

A

78
Q

A paramedic is treating a patient who has a flail chest secondary to an assault. The patient has been breathing shallow because of the extreme pain of the injury.
Which treatment plan is best to treat this patient?
A.
Administer normal saline
B.
Administer sodium bicarbonate
C.
Assist ventilations
D.
Provide comfort measures to slow the patient’s breathing

A

C

79
Q
What medical condition is associated with sodium and water retention?
A.
COPD
C.
CHF
B.
Liver disease
D.
Crush injuries
A

C

80
Q
Which vasoactive amines do MAST cells contain?
A.
White blood cells
C.
Leukocytes
B.
Histamines
D.
Exudate
A

B

81
Q
A paramedic is treating a patient who has experienced several seizures. Blood gas analysis shows that the patient is acidotic. What is the most likely cause?
A.
Lactic acidosis
C.
Renal failure
B.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
D.
Ingestion of toxins
A

A

82
Q

Paramedics are called to a local mall, where a 16-year-old boy involved his father’s car in a low speed car crash in the parking lot, resulting in minor damage to the fender. No injuries are apparent on examination. The boy’s heart rate is 90, blood pressure 130/80, respiratory rate 40. The patient states that his fingers and toes are tingling and feel numb and that he is having heart palpitations.

What is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms? 
A.
Respiratory acidosis
C.
Metabolic acidosis
B.
Respiratory alkalosis
D.
Metabolic alkalosis
A

B

83
Q

Paramedics are called to a local mall, where a 16-year-old boy involved his father’s car in a low speed car crash in the parking lot, resulting in minor damage to the fender. No injuries are apparent on examination. The boy’s heart rate is 90, blood pressure 130/80, respiratory rate 40. The patient states that his fingers and toes are tingling and feel numb and that he is having heart palpitations.

Which excessive element is likely causing the patient’s symptoms in the minor car crash scenario?
A.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Hydrogen ions
B.
Carbon dioxide elimination
D.
Hydrogen ion elimination
A

B

84
Q

Paramedics are called to a local mall, where a 16-year-old boy involved his father’s car in a low speed car crash in the parking lot, resulting in minor damage to the fender. No injuries are apparent on examination. The boy’s heart rate is 90, blood pressure 130/80, respiratory rate 40. The patient states that his fingers and toes are tingling and feel numb and that he is having heart palpitations.

Which treatment protocol is recommended for the patient in the minor car crash scenario?
A.
Low-flow oxygen and calming measures to assist with slow, controlled breathing
B.
High-flow oxygen followed by intubation if symptoms don’t resolve quickly
C.
Intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate
D.
Intravenous administration of calcium bicarbonate

A

A

85
Q
A 7-year-old African American male with anemia presents with severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, low oxygen saturation, and priapism. These signs and symptoms suggest which presentation?
A.
Appendicitis
C.
Sickle cell crisis
B.
Traumatic injury
D.
Asthma attack
A

C

86
Q
Which term is defined by inadequate circulation of blood and nutrients to the tissues?
A.
Necrosis
C.
Autolysis
B.
Phagocytosis
D.
Hypoperfusion
A

D

87
Q
Negative feedback mechanisms:
A.
Can decrease cardiac output but not increase it
B.
Disturb the usual respiratory cycle
C.
Balance a change in the system
D.
Disrupt homeostasis
A

C

88
Q
Which process occurs in the baroreceptors when blood pressures decreases?
A.
Stretch the arterial walls
B.
Decrease the heart rate
C.
Send impulses to the glossopharyngeal nerve
D.
Increase vasodilation
A

C

89
Q
Lymphatic vessel obstruction could be seen in a patient who has had which condition?
A.
Congestive heart failure
C.
Renal failure
B.
Radical mastectomy
D.
Anaphylaxis
A

B

90
Q
What is the most common cause of generalized edema in people living in developing countries?
A.
Heart disease
C.
Liver disease
B.
Kidney disease
D.
Parasitic disease
A

D

91
Q
What is the fluid that accumulates in the abdominal cavity?
A.
Mesentery permeability
C.
Abdominal oncotic pressure
B.
Pitting edema
D.
Ascites
A

D

92
Q

Which is true of viruses?
A.
Viruses are responsible for relatively few diseases in humans.
B.
Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells.
C.
Viruses function in a manner similar to that of bacteria.
D.
Viruses have a high metabolism, making them easy to kill.

A

B

93
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ migrate to injured tissue and engulf dying cells and abnormal extracellular substances.
A.
Lipids
C.
Erythrocytes
B.
Neutrophils
D.
Phagocytes
A

D

94
Q
As injured cells swell, potassium leaks out, and there is an influx of which electrolyte?
A.
Calcium
C.
Sodium
B.
Magnesium
D.
Barium
A

C

95
Q
Baroreceptors are not stimulated when the systolic blood pressure \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Exceeds 180 mm Hg
B.
Is more than two times higher than the diastolic pressure
C.
Is rapidly increasing
D.
Is less than 60 mm Hg
A

D

96
Q
Which reaction occurs when vagal stimulation is reduced and sympathetic response is increased?
A.
Blood pressure falls.
B.
Heart rate falls.
C.
Arterioles constrict.
D.
The size of the blood vessels increases.
A

C

97
Q
Which area are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
A.
Medulla
C.
Pons
B.
Aortic bodies
D.
Vena cavae
A

B

98
Q
The central nervous system ischemic response causes an increase in \_\_\_\_\_ when activated.
A.
Respiratory rate
C.
Heart rate
B.
Arterial pressure
D.
Contractility
A

B

99
Q
Which type of shock results from severe allergic reaction?
A.
Anaphylactic shock
C.
Cardiogenic shock
B.
Neurogenic shock
D.
Septic shock
A

A

100
Q
What does the mnemonic MODS indicate?
A.
Modified organ disability syndrome
C.
Multiple organ dehydrative shock
B.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
D.
Modified organ disseminated shock
A

B

101
Q
What is the specific therapy for MODS?
A.
Sodium bicarbonate
C.
Epinephrine
B.
Calcium chloride
D.
No specific therapy exists.
A

D

102
Q
What are common clinical manifestations of MODS?
A.
Altered mental status
C.
High fever
B.
Bradycardia
D.
Increased urine production
A

A

103
Q
What is the body’s first line of defense against invading organisms?
A.
Skin and mucous membranes
C.
Immune response
B.
Inflammatory response
D.
Pathogenic response
A

A

104
Q
The response by which leukocytes engulf, digest, and destroy pathogens is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Leukocytosis
C.
Phagocytosis
B.
Macrocytosis
D.
Hemocytosis
A

C

105
Q
A 45-year-old man has undergone a recent liver transplant. Which type of immunity will likely reject the organ if medications are not prescribed?
A.
Cell-mediated
C.
Natural
B.
Humoral
D.
Acquired
A

A

106
Q
To be immunogenic, the antigenic molecule must be sufficiently \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Simple
C.
Foreign
B.
Small
D.
Scarce
A

C

107
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reactions.
A.
IgE
C.
IgA
B.
IgG
D.
IgD
A

A

108
Q
Which type of immunoglobulins account for 70% to 75% of antibodies in normal serum?
A.
IgE
C.
IgA
B.
IgG
D.
IgD
A

B

109
Q
Protein buffering is primarily an \_\_\_\_\_ buffering system.
A.
Intracellular
C.
Interstitial
B.
Extracellular
D.
Extravascular
A

A

110
Q
Allergy refers to an exaggerated immune response to environmental \_\_\_\_\_.
A.
Allergens
C.
Immunoglobulins
B.
Self-antigens
D.
Antibodies
A

A

111
Q
Five hundred persons with coronary heart disease in a community with a population of 1 million describes the \_\_\_\_\_ rate in this community.
A.
Mortality
C.
Incidence
B.
Prevalence
D.
Morbidity
A

B

112
Q
Disease rates are used to study what aspect of the disease?
A.
Risk factors for disease
C.
Most effective treatment modality
B.
Safety of a new treatment for a disease
D.
Occurrence of disease
A

D

113
Q
Which risk factors result in the delay or prevention of disease when removed or eliminated?
A.
Causal
C.
Hereditary
B.
Noncausal
D.
Modifiable
A

A