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Flashcards in 11. Change in Empire Deck (26)
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1
Q

What year was the capitulation of Montreal?

A

1760

2
Q

The Capitulation of Montreal

A

A British fleet arrived on the Fleuve Saint-Laurent and forced the French army who were holding Quebec under siege to retreat. The British followed the French to Montreal and laid siege to Montreal. The French forces laid down their weapons since they were outnumbered and didn’t have many supplies. New France was officially conquered by the British.

3
Q

French navy

A

A huge naval battle off the coast in France destroyed their navy.

4
Q

Signing of the capitulation of Montreal

A

The Capitulation of Montreal was signed by the governor general of New France, Pierre de Rigaud and major General of the British Army, Jeffery Amherst.

5
Q

Military administration of the colony

A

The capitulation of Montreal ended the War of Conquest in North America. The seven years war was not over. The British and French continued to fight in Europe. While waiting for the war to end, the British had to maintain order and administer the colony in North America. The British administered a military regime and a provisional (temporary) government).

6
Q

The organization of the provisional government

A

General Amherst abolished the Royal Government of the French Regime. He still kept the governments of Quebec, Trois-Rivières and Montreal and replaced their governors. Amherst appointed James Murray as the governor of Quebec.

7
Q

Militia captains

A

Amherst let the Militia captains keep their job so that they would act as intermediaries between the British and the Canadiens. Instead of the British delivering messages directly to the french, the British would tell the militia captain who told the French.

8
Q

Administrative structures

A

Amherst didn’t make any major changes to administrative structures in place by the French Regime. Consequently, many Canadiens held their administrative positions.

9
Q

The situation of the Canadiens under the military regime

A

The British respected the conditions of the French surrender, so many of the cultural and social characteristics of the era of New France survived.

10
Q

How long did the provisional government last?

A

3 years, until the seven years war ended.

11
Q

New measures of the Canadiens under the British military regime

A

The Canadien militias had to lay down their weapons so they couldn’t rebel. The Canadiens had to swear allegiance to the King of Britain, George the III. French criminal law was abolished in place of British law.

12
Q

Why did the king want new measures for the Canadiens?

A

He tried to make them more like British citizens.

13
Q

Retained rights of the Canadiens during military regime

A

The Canadiens could continue to own their land and property. They were free to practice the catholic religion. Most French institutions were preserved (seigneurial system). The French
language was maintained and used as administration throughout the colony.

14
Q

The impact on the population and economy

A

There were immediate consequences for the population and economy. About 4000 people returned to France (mostly members of french nobility). Most Canadiens (they were born in New France) decided to stay as Seigneurs, clergy, peasants, people of the third estate (lower class).

15
Q

1760

A

A few hundred anglophones merchants and adventurers left Great Britain and the 13 colonies to settle in New France. Most of them hoped to make profit off the fur trade since French merchants were gone. All profits of the fur trade would now go to Great Britain.

16
Q

Rebuilding the colony

A

The war of conquest destroyed the region of Quebec City. Buildings, churches and city centres were destroyed and crops were burnt. Rebuilding these structures took many years. Rebuilding agriculture and preventing famine was more important to them.

17
Q

How did they get money to rebuild Quebec City?

A

They got most of their profits from the fur trade.

18
Q

What year was the treaty of Paris signed?

A

1763

19
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

It ended the seven years war. New France was officially given to Great Britain and the British empire gained control over territories in North America.

20
Q

What rights did the Canadiens have after the treaty?

A

They were able to retain their land, they were free to practice Catholicism, those who wanted to leave the colony had 18 months and had to sell their property to British subjects.

21
Q

Relations between the British and Native peoples

A

The treaty concerned the Native people. Years before the treaty, the british and first nations alliances began to fall apart. In 1761, Amherst put an end to the provision of weapons and the sale of alcohol to Native people. He made new rules to the british fur trade.

22
Q

What did these changes mean?

A

These changes made it so that the British had authority over the First Nations people. Instead of treating them as allies, the British used them for their needs and to get rich. These measures were not well received by the Natives.

23
Q

What years did Pontiac revolt?

A

1763-1766

24
Q

Pontiac’s revolt

A

First Nations people feared of losing their land to the British and being treated poorly. Several native nations formed an alliance to go against the British. The war chief Pontiac led the alliance.

25
Q

The revolt

A

The Native coalition fought the British and conquered almost every fort in the Great Lakes Region and Ohio Valley. Many people died.

26
Q

End of Pontiac’s revolt

A

A series of defeats and small pox disease weakened the Native coalition. In 1764, several nations made peace with the British. They wanted to figure out a land deal instead of fighting. Pontiac agreed to sign a peace treaty in 1766.