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(HS) Biology 12 > 10.8 Circulatory System Disorders > Flashcards

10.8 Circulatory System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, particularly cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries

this is called plaque

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2
Q

What does plaque tend to do?

A

protrude into the lumen of the vessel and interfere with the flow of blood

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3
Q

When does atherosclerosis begin in most instances?

A

begins in early adulthood and develops progressively through middle age, but symptoms may not appear until an individual is 50 years or older

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4
Q

What can plaque cause platelets to do?

A

adhere to the irregular arterial wall, forming a clot

clot remains stationary: THROMBUS
clot dislodges and moves along with the blood: EMBOLUS

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5
Q

What is thromboembolism?

A

a clot that has been carried in the bloodstream but is now lodged in a blood vessel

MUST BE TREATED OR SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS CAN ARISE

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6
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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7
Q

What is considered abnormally high blood pressure under the age of 45? In older people?

A

under 45: 130/90 mm Hg

older: 140/95 mm Hg

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8
Q

Why is hypertension sometimes called “the silent killer”?

A

it may not be detected until a stroke or heart attack occurs

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9
Q

When does hypertension most often occur?

A

secondary to a narrowing of a person’s arteries from atherosclerosis

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10
Q

What does forcing blood through narrowed arteries over time create?

A

additional pressure on the circulatory system that can damage the blood vessels, heart, and other organs

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11
Q

What medications are used to treat hypertension?

A

diuretics, vasodilators, and various drugs that improve heart function

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12
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

reduce the blood volume by increasing urine output

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13
Q

What do vasodilators do?

A

dilate the blood vessels

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14
Q

How does heart valve disease occur?

A
  • heart valves can be malformed at birth
  • more commonly, they degenerate due to age or infections to the point where they no longer prevent the backflow of blood
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15
Q

What is the most common infection that leads to heart valve disease?

A

a narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve opening is the most common, followed by mitral valve prolapse

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16
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

abnormally thickened “leaflets” of the mitral valve protrude back into the left ventricle

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17
Q

How can faulty valves be repaired?

A
  • open-heart surgery
  • replaced, using either artificial valves or valves removed from an animal (usually a pig) or deceased human
  • surgeons can thread a compact artificial valve through an artery in the leg, thus avoiding open-heart surgery
18
Q

How does a stroke occur?

A

when an arteriole in the brain bursts or is blocked by an embolus

lac of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to die, and paralysis or death can result

19
Q

How can a person be forewarned of a stroke?

A

by a feeling of numbness in the hands or the face, difficulty in speaking, temporary blindness in one eye

20
Q

What is a stroke also called?

A

cerebrovascular accident

21
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

a squeezing or burning sensation in the chest when a coronary artery becomes partially blocked

22
Q

What happens when a coronary artery is completely blocked?

A

a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen, and a myocardial infraction (HEART ATTACK) occurs

23
Q

What drugs can help treat angina pectoris?

A

nitroglycerin or related drugs dilate blood vessels and help relieve pain

24
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

the ballooning of a blood vessel, most often the abdominal aorta or the arteries leading to the brain

25
Q

How can an aneurysm develop?

A

atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken the wall of an artery to the point that an aneurysm develops

26
Q

How is it possible to replace a damaged or diseased portion of a vessel, such as an artery?

A

with a synthetic graft

wireless sensors that can be implanted along with these grafts, to help doctors monitor changes in pressure that may signal an aneurysm that is about to burst, are being developed

27
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery?

A

common way to treat an obstructed coronary artery

surgeon usually takes a segment from another blood vessel and stitches one end to the aorta and the other end to a coronary artery past the point of obstruction

28
Q

What if veins are used instead of arteries in coronary bypass surgery?

A

they must be placed in reverse orientation due to the presence of valves

29
Q

What is still common after successful coronary bypass surgery with veins?

A

common for blockages to recur in the transplanted veins within 5-7 years

30
Q

How can heart muscle that has been damaged by a heart attack be regenerated?

A

using stem cells

studies show that stem cells injected directly into the damaged heart muscle will differentiate into new heart muscle cells, as well as new blood vessels

31
Q

How did scientists grow a human heart?

A

starting with a cadaver heart, removing the cardiac muscle cells, then exposing the “scaffold” of blood vessels and connective tissues to human stem cells

32
Q

Why has the amount of patients receiving bypass surgery decreased?

A

increased usage of angioplasty and stent placement

33
Q

What happens with angioplasty?

A

a cardiologist threads a catheter into an artery in the groin or upper part of the arm and guides it through a major blood vessel toward the heart

when the tube arrives at the region of plaque in an artery, a balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated, forcing the vessel to open, followed by removal of the tube

34
Q

Why might the artery part of angioplasty not always remain open?

A

the trauma can cause smooth muscle cells in the wall of the artery to proliferate and close it

35
Q

What is the form of angioplasty more often used?

A

once a cylinder of expandable metal mesh called a stent is in place, a balloon inside the stent is inflated, expanding it, and locking it in place

36
Q

What are the most common types of stents implanted in patients’ arteries?

A

drug-eluting stents, which are coated with medications designed to inhibit inflammation and scar formation

37
Q

What is tissue plasminogen activator?

A

medical treatment for thromboembolism

this drug converts plasminogen into plasmin

38
Q

What is plasmin?

A

an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

39
Q

What is tPSA also being used for?

A

thrombolytic stroke patients, but with limited success because some patients experience life-threatening bleeding in the brain

40
Q

What is aspirin for and what does it do?

A

people who have symptoms of angina or stroke

  • reduces the stickiness of platelets and thereby lowers the probability that a clot will form
  • protects against first heart attacks, but there is no clear support for taking Aspirin everyday to prevent strokes in symptom-free people

some physicians recommend taking a low dosage of Aspiring everyday

41
Q

What can help patients waiting for a heart transplant?

A

a left ventricular assist device implanted in the abdomen

  • a tube passes blood from the left ventricle to the device, which pumps it to the aorta
  • a cable passes the device through the skin to an external battery the patient totes around
42
Q

What is the AbioCor?

A

a total artificial heart

  • an internal battery and controller regulate the pumping speed, and an external battery powers the device by passing electricity through the skin
  • a rotating centrifugal pump moves silicon hydraulic fluid between left and right sacs to force blood out of the heart into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
  • exterior is made of mainly titanium, but the valves and membranes inside the ventricles are made of plastic, which has held up in testing to beating 100,000 times a day for years

(HS) Biology 12 (46 decks)

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