1. Fracture Classification Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 1. Fracture Classification Deck (21)
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1
Q

strength of bone is dependent on

A

material properties
structural properties
rate of load applied (viscoelastic)
orientation of load applied (anisotropic)

2
Q

tension force
causes ______ fractures
occurs at?

A
avulsion fractures (especially in skeletally immature animals)
apophyses (olecranon, calcaneus, tibial tuberosity)
3
Q

compression force causes _____ fractures

occurs at?

A

short oblique

typically only in the spine b/c most bones are so dense

4
Q

Shear forces

common fracture?

A

low energy
eccentric loading of bones surface- bone is weakest in this method of loading
- common in toy breeds that shear off the lateral condyle

5
Q

bending forces

A
  • compressive force on concave surface and tensile on convex.
  • causes transverse or short oblique fractures
6
Q

torsion

A

rotational forces applied along long axis results in spiral fractures

7
Q

Incomplete fractures

A

greenstick (opposing cortices involved, especially young animals)
fissure (only one cortex)
- can be splinted/casted

8
Q

transverse fracture

A

perpendicular to long axis, smooth or serrated fracture surfaces

  • result from bending forces
  • stable to compressive forces, can be reduced
9
Q

oblique fracture

A

opposing cortices are in the same plane

  • result of axial compression and bending forces
  • NO STABILITY even when reduced, not even to compressive forces
10
Q

Spiral fracture

A

fracture line is also diagonal like oblique but the opposing cortices are in different planes.

  • result of torsional force
  • inherent stability if anatomicaly reduced
11
Q

comminuted fracture

A

at least three fracture segments with fracture lines that intersect

  • caused by high energy trauma
  • multiple forces involved
  • often have lots of soft tissue damage
12
Q

segmental fractures

A

at least three fracture segments with fracture lines that do not intersect

  • caused by bending and other forces
  • *May have large avascular segment (bc blood comes from within the medullary cavity)
13
Q

Open fractures

A
  • breaks through skin, look for gas in the soft tissue
    Type I - clean soft laceration <1cm
    Type II - laceration >1cm, mild trauma, no flaps/avulsion
    Type III - severe soft tissue trauma, treat aggressively
14
Q

a fracture in which location will have the least help healing? (eg. blood supply, muscle attachments)

A

diaphyseal

15
Q

Salter Harris fracture Classifications

A
I- physis
II - meta/physis
III - Epi/physis
IV - all three
V - compression of physis
16
Q

Which side of the fracture has new cells?

calcification?

A

epiphysis - germinal/new cells
metaphysis - calcification

hypertrophic zone in between

17
Q

tell me about the hypertrophic zone

A

contains giant cells, because these cells are mostly comprised by water this part of the physis is the weakest

18
Q

In dogs there’s usually a certain type of salter harris fracture to occur

A

type V, closure of the growth plate, always damages the germinal cells
results in irregular conformation

19
Q

Articular fractures

A

involve articular cartilage and subchondral bone
important to recognize!!
DEMAND anatomi reduction and rigid stabilization

20
Q

diagnosis of fracture

A
hx
dysfunction (lameness/dyspnea/neurologic signs)
pain
trauma/swelling
abnormal conformation
crepitus ('potato chip' crunchy feeling)
radiographs
21
Q

fracture assessment score

A

developed to assist surgeons in decision making

  • high scores - young dog, good health, cancellous bone toy breeds, compression fractures, good client compliance
  • low scores - old sick dog, cortical bone, non reducible, multiple limb injury, large dog, bad client