What are the four pelvic bones?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
Sacrum
What are the three ligaments holding the pelvic bones togther?
Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
Sacrospinous ligaments
Sacrotuberous ligaments
Which nerves are found in the pelvis?
Which nerve, coming from L4 - S3, emerges from the greater sciatic foramen?
Pudendal nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Sciatic nerve
Damage to pelvic nerves can affect which organs?
Bowel
Bladder
What other tissues can be damaged by pelvic trauma?
Urethra
Rectum
Which arteries anastomose around the head of the femur?
Where do they come from?
Retinacular arteries
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
Profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery)
What kind of hip fracture can compromise retinacular arteries?
What may result?
Intracapsular hip fracture
AVN
What bones, apart from the femur, can be affected by avascular necrosis?
Scaphoid
Talus
Which posterior thigh muscles cause abduction of the thigh and stabilise the pelvis?
Gluteal muscles
maximus, medius, minimus
Tensor fascia latae
What’s the dodgy gait caused by damage to the gluteal muscles?
Trendelenburg’s gait
pelvis doesn’t stabilise
What is Trendelenburg’s test?
Normally, when a lower limb is lifted, pelvis should tilt in direction of other limb
Positive Trendelenburg test if pelvis tils in direction of lifted limb
What is the strongest hip flexor muscle, found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Iliopsoas
Which nerve supplies the adductor muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve
What movement do muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh produce?
Lateral rotation
What is the most anterior quadriceps muscle called?
What movement do the quadriceps muscle cause?
Rectus femoris
Flexion of thigh, extension of leg
What is the longest muscle in the body, found in the anterior compartment of the thigh, and produces weak extension of the leg?
Sartorius
A straight leg raise tests the (flexor / extensor) mechanism of the lower limb.
extensor inc tendons
Which pelvic bone do you sit on?
Ischial tuberosity
Which nerve supplies the hamstrings muscles of the posterior thigh?
Tibial nerve
Which muscle is commonly used as a tendon graft in ACL surgery?
Semitendinosus
Knee pain in kiddos may be caused by what serious disease?
SUFE
slipped upper femoral epiphysis
Obturator nerve pain from the hip may refer to the ___.
knee
Through which hole do the femoral artery and vein pass into the popliteal fossa?
Adductor hiatus
adductor magnus
What are the two types of cartilage in the knee?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage - found in medial and lateral menisci
Why are medial meniscal tears more common than lateral ones?
We tend to pivot on medial aspect of knee
The MCL protects against ___ stress.
The LCL protects against ___ stress.
valgus
varus
What movements does the anterior cruciate ligament resist?
Internal rotation
Anterior translation of tibia
What movements does the posterior cruciate ligament resist?
Posterior translation of tibia
The average person’s leg is in six degrees of (varus / valgus).
valgus
What’s the advantage of physiological valgus?
Joints all line up, better distribution of weight
Why do people with genu varum or valgus get OA?
Poor distribution of load, not symmetrical
People with genu varum may develop (medial / lateral) OA.
People with genu valgum develop…
varum - medial OA
valgum - lateral OA
What fluid filled spaces can become inflamed if you kneel a lot?
Bursae
Inflammation of bursae is called ___.
bursitis
Anterior leg muscles perform which movements?
Dorsiflexion and extension of toes
Which nerve supplies the anterior leg muscles?
Deep fibular nerve
The lateral leg muscles perform which movements?
Which nerve supplies them?
Inversion of foot
Superficial fibular nerve
Which nerve supplies the posterior muscles of the leg?
Tibial nerve
deep fibular - sensory to 1st toe space, lies in anterior compartment
superficial fibular - sensory to dorsal foot, lies in lateral compartment
tibial - sensory to sole of foot, lies in posterior compartment
What is compartment syndrome?
Swelling of compartment due to bleeding, inflammation etc. causes compression of veins –> ischaemia
How is compartment syndrome treated?
Fasciotomy
Where are ligaments found in the ankle?
Medial / deltoid complex
Lateral complex
Which movement tends to tear ankle ligaments?
“going over your ankle”
i.e extreme inversion / eversion
Ligament injury tends to make the ankle joint ___.
unstable
What happens to the talus on an X-ray if there is pathological fracture or ligament injury?
Talar shift
loss of space
What are tarsal coalitions?
Abnormal connections between tarsal bones
What is abduction and adduction of the foot?
Abduction - lateral rotation of foot
Adduction - medial rotation of foot
What are the two composite movements of the foot?
Supination
Pronation
Which three movements, when combined, cause supination of the foot?
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Adduction
Which three movements, when combined, cause pronation of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
Eversion
Abduction
Which tendon forms the medial arch of the foot?
Tibialis posterior
What causes pathological flat footedness?
Tibialis posterior injury
Which connective tissue forms the sole of the foot?
Plantar fascia
What are the movement muscles of the fingers and toes?
Flexor / extensor hallucis longus
Flexor / extensor digitorum longus
Dysfunction of the finger and toe tendons causes ___.
deformity