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Question 1

1. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie
2. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information
3. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offter us some reward.
4. We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action

Answer 1

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Question 2

1. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she was.
2. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Baby.
3. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya, I noticed one that walked very slowly.
4. Depeding on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
5. Elephant expert lain Douglas-Hamiltion told me that this female elephant, Baby, had been crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left her.

Answer 2

35142

Question 3

1. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and the construction new buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods.
2. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire building
3. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be incorporated as the process goes along.
4. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less expensibely than traditiional construction methods allow.

Answer 3

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Question 4

1. Dietary supplements can appear to be healthful option for treating certain health conditions
2. The drug sibutramine is one of these substances.
3. Their labels list herbs or other natural ingredients that consumers assume are safe to take.
4. It was once approved for weight loss but was withdrawn after concerns arose that medication could increase the risk of heart attacks.
5. But over the past several years, regulators have detected prohibited substances in some of these products that aren’t included on the labels.

Answer 4

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Question 5

1. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language, that is, a human-like grammar.
2. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code.
3. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other than with a voice. The obvious alternative is sign language.
4. A simple way to disprove Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech
5. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords.

Answer 5

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Question 6

1. It is wrong to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
2. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
3. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
4. But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.
5. For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.

Answer 6

15324

Question 7

1. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an adequate currency.
2. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.
3. In most countries it is only the government, through their central banks, who are permitted to issue currency.
4. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in short supply and of uncertain value, compared with English, Dutch, Flemish or French coin.
5. But in Scotland three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.

Answer 7

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Question 8

1. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against powerful interests.
2. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation, and following trends, but there were no good at ensuring social inequality.
3. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses such as various Factory Acts to prevent the exploitation of child workers, or Acts designed to prevent manufacturers from adulterating bread.
4. They had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were unable to act in their own interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers.
5. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of responding to social needs and social interests, unlike markets.

Answer 8

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Question 9

1. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
2. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
3. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
4. Such group abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5. In fact, In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.

Answer 9

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Question 10

1. Traveling eastward across the date line, one subtracts one calendar day; traveling westward, one adds a day.
2. International date line, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180° meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
3. Indeed, the line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
4. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
5. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them.
6. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.

Answer 10

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Question 11

1. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself
2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
3. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
4. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.

Answer 11

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Question 12

1. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily Mail.
2. Inevitably, these problems focus on present-day dilemmas.
3. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and, specifically, the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians.
4. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been acknowledged.

Answer 12

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Question 13

1. In a lobby of an internet search engine company’s headquarters in Califorania, computer screens display lists of the words being entered into the compnay’s search engine.
2. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight
3. This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have built a multi-billiton dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal about themselves online.
4. Although it says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to the world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a private affair.
5. However, that may be changing.

Answer 13

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Question 14

1. They pointed to the “Asian paradox”, lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of smoking.
2. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health.
3. Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the “bad” type), which in turn can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.
4. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea consumed by many Asians each day, provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants
5. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University weighed in on green tea’s health benefits with a review article that examined more than 100 studies on the subject.

Answer 14

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Question 15

1. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration that we began to unpack.
2. As a result, dust was everywhere. The city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they had been lightly spinkled with talcum powder.
3. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the monsoon rains had lasted for only three weeks.
4. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility, and the lands seems refreshed and newly-washed.

Answer 15

4321

Question 16

1. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn’t nearby to guard the stored food.
2. Hence nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who instead first apper in sedentary societies.
3. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for supporting whole towns of them.
4. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally acquire more food than they can consume, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it.

Answer 16

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Question 17

1) . Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought processes behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV media.
2) . Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on a daily basis– thanks essentially to improvement in technology–I somehow can’t help but feel that the quality of communication of the message has become diluted.
3) . Proportionally, the number of ads that lack in quality, have gone up exponentially as well!!
4) . There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
5) . Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential increase in the number of ads that are being made.

Answer 17

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Question 18

1). Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic commerce is one of the most important aspects of Internet to emerge. 2). Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that can be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history. 3). To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication channels and data integrity. 4). The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have to be. 5). Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.

Answer 18

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Question 19

1) . In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth
2) . Using observations gathered by NAA’s Kepler Mission, the team, led by William Borucki of the NASA Ames Research Center, found five planets orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.
3) . Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System
4) . A team of scientists, including Carnegie’s Alan Boss, has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a Sun-like star.
5) . These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth

Answer 19

42351

Question 20

1) . The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
2) . Marquez arrived in October 1557 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking
3) . In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
4) . He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such as the one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.

Answer 20

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